October 12, 2004
The Moon has changed phase thousands of times since the beginning of the cosmos, but only once did it shine on the night you arrived.
M3: Inconstant Star Cluster
Birthday · October 12, 2004
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APOD published October 12, 2004. Credit: J. Hartman & K. Stanek (Harvard CfA). A publication-date match, not a photo taken on your date. Independent of NASA.
Star clusters appear constant because photographs of them are frozen in time. In reality, though, cluster stars swarm the center and frequently fluctuate in brightness. Although the time it takes for stars to cross a cluster is about 100,000 years, the time it takes for a star to fluctuate noticeably can be less than one night. In fact, the above time lapse movie of bright globular cluster M3 was taken over a single night. Most of the variable stars visible above are RR Lyrae stars, stars that can quickly double their brightness while becoming noticeably bluer. Furthermore, RR Lyrae stars vary their light in a distinctive pattern that allows unique identification. Lastly, since RR Lyrae stars all have the same intrinsic brightness, identifying them and measuring how dim they appear tells how far they are, since faintness means farness. These distances, in turn, help calibrate the scale of the entire universe.
Image credit: J. Hartman & K. Stanek (Harvard CfA)